Psychology Paper on Pain

Pain Veronica Tran Essay #1 Psy 1 (#48954) Pain Everyone everywhere will experience pain; whether it is everyday or once a week. Paper cuts, pinches, or even simply jamming your fingers between your door, are all painful accidents. Pain is the undesirable feeling; the red alert which signals our attention to something unfavorable happening to our bodies. Our bodies can detect pain by nocioceptors. Nocioceptors are special nerve receptors designed for stimuli that are encountered as painful (Benjamin B. Lahey, 2009). There are two significant pathways these neural pain messages travel to our brain; fast and slow.The fast and slow pathways are the reason why our bodies endure pain at different times. The first experience would be a noticeable short pain, and realization of what’s going on. The second experience is an extended painful sensation. An example of the pathways combined would be dropping a 15lb weight on your foot. First sensation would quickly make u move that weight off and then stare at your foot. The second would make you land on the floor holding your foot while screaming. We experience these divided painful sensations for two reasons.Both experiences are on two different paths with two different speeds to our brains. The neurons are thicker, covered in myelin in the fast path making the movement quick. The slow pathway consists of smaller neurons, no myelin, and in result makes the transmission slow. Reason number two, both pathways go through different parts in our brains. The fast neural pathway moves through our thalamus and to the matosensory area. The matosensory area is located in the parietal lobe of the brains cerebral cortex. It receives and translates the sensory information from our skin and body.Which is how we are capable of locating where and what is happening to our bodies. The matosensory area locates the action but is not responsible for our emotional reactions to pain. Information moving on the slow pathway travels to the limbic system. The limbic system is where we feel the emotional experience to the pain that is happening. The gate-control theory of pain was conducted by Psychologist Ronald Melzack. The theory was that in the brain stem, a matrix of neurons regulates the circulation of impulses from the nocioceptors to the cerebral cortex.Messages from the body’s receptors go to the brain and through the brain stem. The â€Å"pain gates† is the area where the slow pain neural fibers pass. The gates in the brain stem can either be opened or closed. This really means this has part in making us more or less sensitive to the activation of the nocioceptors. When â€Å"opened† the gates can allow more slow-pain neural transmission on to the slow path to the limbic system. Therefore our emotional experience to the pain lasts longer. The gates can also be â€Å"closed†; that is less transmission of slow pain impulses, in result less pain.Fast pathway does not travel through the gates, but cannot be blocked. Endorphins signal the gates to close, preventing pain message from reaching the brain. Cancer can develop pain all on its own because it is cancer. The main cause of pain in cancer is the growing or destroying tissue near or on the cancer infected area. Cancer pain can come from where the cancer had developed. Or other areas spread around the body where the cancer had traveled. During the time when the tumor matures, it can begin to hit nerves, bones, or other organs causing physical pain to the patient.Not only can cancer be painful physically to the body, but it can also cause pain chemically. Chemicals they secrete into the region of the tumor can cause pain. Not everyone diagnosed with cancer experiences pain, usually one out of 3 cancer patients going through treatment does (Timothy Moynihan, 2010). Pain concerning cancer always depends on what type of cancer the patient is diagnosed with. Those who have advanced cancer; that is cancer that has sp read or reoccurred, unfortunately have a higher chance of experiencing the pain within cancer.Cancer treatments also take a toll on pain towards the patient. Chemotherapy, radiation, and also surgery are some sources of cancer pain. Cancer surgery usually results in painful long sessions that often take time to recover. Burning sensations and sometimes painful scars are left behind after radial treatments. If undergoing chemotherapy, painful side effects may include mouth sores, diarrhea, and even damaging to the nerves. Diet and nutrition are one of many ways to cope with pain. Medical doctors and physicians have pondered on why people suffer from pain.The solution to their problems is the one answer that have been ignored; simple diet and nutrition. Our bodies are capable of healing and repairing itself when given the opportunity to do so (Harvey Diamond, 2005). A struggle for most people in our world today is learning how to cope pain. Such struggle can result in performance at w ork. Not being able to cope can affect not only your career but also your personal life as in your family and friends. Even those who have long been cured from an illness still struggle with pain.Physical and psychological treatment can be done to help those in chronic pain such as heat and ice. This method consists of either using hot towels or cold packages over the area of pain. Though it does not make the pain magically disappear, it does relieve pain for hours. Acupuncture is an ancient eastern form of pain relief some still use today. The needles are carefully placed into nerve endings; releasing endorphins from the nerves. Like acupuncture; massage therapy helps enhance blood flow throughout the body.Loosening knots in the muscles that create the body to become tense and are now at ease. There are many ways to cope with pain without the usage of drugs and surgeries.References Benjamin, B. , Lahey, (2009). Sensation and Perception, Psychology an introduction Timothy Moynihan, (2010). Cancer Pain: Relief is possible. Retrieved from http://www. mayoclinic. com/health/cancer-pain/CA00021 Harvey Diamond, (2005). Methods of Dealing with pain. Retrieved from http://www. bestsyndication. com/2005/A-H/DIAMOND-Harvey/080905-Pain-free-life. htm

Ethical And Environmental Factors Essay

The state of Belina is situated in the sub-Saharan region. The countries in the sub-Saharan region have suffered a lot for many years. Most African countries in the sub-Saharan parts have been depicted to be suffering heavily due to the low industrialization level in the region. The transformation of country’s economics together with the changes of living standards of the people begin with education, which is brings about technology changes. Education in the region has been low with just most people attaining the elementary education. There are a few elites with higher education whom the state hope would transform their states. (Williams, 2004. pp 95) The governments of the sub-Saharan states have encouraged their investors by offering them favoring production and investment terms. As the past investment reveals, the investments which have been conducted in the African countries has adversely affected them. There is unfathomable damage and disadvantages which have been created as result of industrial development within many African states. This ranges from the high rates of there natural resource exploitation as well as human labor exploitations to the adverse environmental changes they have implicated. Davidson, 1992, pp402) Despite all the investment made within the sub-Saharan countries, energy investment has received low investors. Due to the low energy production in the region the majority of the people in the region are believed to be subjected to abject poverty. As the people within the region suffer a lot, the energy scarcity has contributed to the low economic growth. Introduction The energy demand has eminently risen in many countries allover the globe over the mid and the last century. This has been as result of rapid developments in the industrial sector as well as in the revolution in technology. Besides this industrialization factor, the state population has also increased several folds. The state populations have been increasing in high rate, thus it has multiplied more than 4 times between 1985 and 2005. The energy demand has increased twelve times within this particular period. This has lead to the government and other individuals to embark on more resources for energy. This indicates the important aspect the country men leaders attaches to the energy production. The people from the sub-Saharan countries such as the belina community should be cautious of the environmental impact that any industrial development might have in there livelihoods. Many people have developed technologically leading to industrialization, but the development which has been done also turned out as draw backs to future generations. The American and the United Kingdom states such as Germany and the Japan are such developed countries which are currently savaging from such development. This is because any technology which is introduced within the state should perpetually yield positive more advantages than its disadvantages. (Munasinghe, 2005, pp 35-48) The effects of energy productions plants are similar to those of other processing and manufacturing plants. While the industrialized countries are savaging from great environmental pollution, there has been campaigns on environmental control. The impacts of environmental pollutions are globally felt. The energy producer companies and the consumers companies of such energies have both been major contributors to the scourge felt. As the effects of global warming are being felt, the sub-Saharan countries seem to be in worse hit. This is because global warming has affected the good climatic conditions under which they have thrived in economics means. This climatic change has been associated with the industrialized countries of which most of them are much far from the continent. Due to the above consideration, the government of belina has an obligation of considering such campaigns of eliminating and discarding the energy companies interested in investments that has got inadequate pollution control measures. For this reason, the government has to view those companies having the utilization of old traditional methods as environmentally unfriendly and also some of those modern technology methods which are not renewable. Energy sources and their effects The old traditional energy sources have greatly led to the advancement of our production. They have been credited for they have enabled men to the discoveries which were fundamental for high productions. However, this old traditional methods of energy sources have now created another milestone of environmental clean up. The major traditional energy sources which are available range from the fossils to wood and to some extent the reactive elements used in the nuclear powers. These have continued for long being in use, and even today, they form ninety percent of the energy produced and consumed world wide. The application of energy resources such as coal, natural gas, petroleum products as well as uranium have for long been used. These are all non-renewable sources which have high risk of depletion besides high hazards to the environment and the people handling them. The fossils fuels have only been of continued used initially as they were plentiful and inexpensive. However, these advantages are no longer valuable as there are other means for which energy has been produced cheaply and with consistency. Usually, the consumption of these substances and their products has now been a major risk to the country consuming them. The consumption of these substances has generated numerous air pollutants and other air by-products which have lead to global climatic changes. Coal as energy resources take millions of years to be formed. Despite this, it is historically disputed as a threat to the miners/ workforce and also as an environmental hazard. While petroleum has served for long in the transportation systems and other industrial sectors like manufacturing of plastic and synthetic fabric, it has also posed greater dangers to the environment of our people. The spillage which may occur within the seas and rivers during its transportation to the power plants creates a lot of stress and tension to the environment. This significantly destroys our rivers, seas and marines live, hence the whole aquatic live. This not only affects the water ecosystems but they also leading to endangering the human life through food chain systems. The natural gas products are also enormously boosting both agricultural production and our health through their application in the medical systems. Although the natural gas seems to contribute much towards environmental conservation, the methane gas has got enormous effects which relates to the greenhouse effects. (Hall and Mao, 1994, pp 234) The non-renewable fossil energy sources are indiscriminately disastrous to the environment. The extraction of these fossils causes many changes to the soil structures hence causes disturbances to the soil. Apart from affecting the soil and its inhabitants, the method of extraction causes disturbances in the water systems, which my lead to diversion of the water ways making a particular region to experience unexpected dryness water scarcity while other part enjoys plenty of water availability. Vegetation and other significant resources are not spared either and this perhaps affects the whole ecosystem of the region which may act as tourism attraction centre. The twentieth century has endeavored to utilize the technology advances on combating with the problem of limited energy. Undoubtedly the discovery of the nuclear energy was a period of great hope to the world. Many individuals thought that nuclear energies would save the world from its limited natural resources as elements are quite abundant. The believed results turned out as unfulfilling very soon. Just after the introductory of this energy production technique, numerous fearful cases were reported allover the world. As with the Japanese case, many countries were apprehended with awesome fear as the enormous disaster left behind with the prolong killing of people. As well known, any excess without control is dangerous. Due to excess energy that is generated, the nuclear energy mistakes left thousands of the Japanese killed and many others injured. The state is also suffering from this long historical happening even after heavily assistance to curb the radiation effects. Many are born disabled due to affected human molding factors. The non-renewable based companies may thus find no way of solving the Belina problem of energy crisis. (Ministry of Water, Energy and Mining, 1988, pp 16) The struggle for the belina energy shortage takes the alternative energy sources. This adopts the issues of renewable energy sources. The Belina is positioned within the advantageous positions of the world. The fact that Belina lies in the sub-Saharan region; there is an immeasurable advantages over other countries which lies in the far ends of the artic and Antarctic of the globe. Being in the sub-Saharan region, it has the full advantage of utilizing the major world energy sources which is believed as the sun. The state does not have to succumb to the developed states demands on favors which will bring them more future life uncertainty. However, the country would need to tap the solar energy which is availed for twelve plus hour in a day. The use of this energy has not only been praised for its natural occurrence but it has been environmentally friendly. It is the best natural occurring clean energy in spites of its limited amounts that depend on the intensity of the sun. Furthermore, solar plant installation clears only a minute piece of land affecting a few vegetation cover. (World Bank, 1989, pp 23) Windmills have transformed the lives of many people living in the sub-Saharan and sub-Saharan states. Windmill energy production is thus a rapidly growing energy sources, this is thriving well in places where wind is freely blowing such as the ones experienced in the Belina. The wind blowing along the ridges and others part are potentially trapping position of energy to the industries. This would mitigate the lives of the communities by enhancing economic growths while maintaining the low effects which are short lived such as vegetation clearing on the wind pathways. Although, this may affect the country economy, it is anticipated the most hit sector is the tourism which depend on birds as their attraction means. The killing of such birds by the blades of turbines is quite minimal as compared to the energy non-renewable sources (Ministry of Water, Energy and Mining, 1988, pp 16) As the country come to the culmination of industrialization leading it to the level of developed state, the urban centre would be highly populated more than the cities are packed now. This will lead to an unimaginable sanitary state of the city environment. The living places of the people are now ravaged and littered with garbage from fruit refuse and other organic plant litters. This is making the people to live barely struggling to breathe for pure oxygen. This poses great threat of health hazards to the people. The chances of endemic and epidemic are now in the verge of being rampant in the region. But, with the modern technology, the people in the cities and other metropolitan can be saved with the utilization of the refuse both for the energy production and for economic agricultural production through soils enrichment. It will be a prime reason for not investing on others energy forms while refuse is indirectly and directly disseminating diseases to the population of the nation (Johansson, 1993, pp 96-118) The investment in bio-fuel and other biomass degradable materials has lead to the production of products such as gasohol, gasoline and many other products. The products have been a means of saving the countries from the energy crisis which is associated to the over dependency on non-renewable energy sources. Apart from their application by other states as energy alternative, they have an impact on the maintenance of stable prices of the products from the factories, making the products affordable to the consumers in poverty stricken states such as those in the sub-Saharan regions. (Sokona, 2002, pp 145) Conclusion The energy crisis and shortage to countries in the sub-Saharan region has contributed to the persistence of great suffering of the people due to poverty high level. However, the investment on energy production to solve the problem should be a careful process that does not impact adversely both in the environmental factors as well as in the ethical factors. The traditional energy sources have been major contributors to the worse economic conditions of the people in the sub-Saharan states. This can thus be altered by the adaptation of the energy production methods which are renewable. References: Davidson O. (1992): Energy Issues in Sub-Saharan Africa: Annual Review of Energy and Environment Vol. 17 pp401-403. Hall, D. and Mao, Y. (1994): Biomass and Coal in Africa. London Johansson, T. et al (1993): Renewable Energy:. Island Press Ministry of Water, Energy and Mining, (1988): Lesotho Energy Master Plan: GTZ and Department of Energy World Bank, (1989) Sub-Saharan Africa – From Crisis to Sustainable Growth: The World Bank. Williams, J. (2004). Sustainable development in Africa: is the climate right? IRI Technical Report Munasinghe, M. (2005). Primer on climate change and sustainable development: Cambridge University Press. Sokona, Y. (2002) Think bigger, act faster: a new sustainable energy path for African development: University of Cape

Wireless networks technology Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Wireless networks technology - Assignment Example Nowadays we can see the huge number of applications of the wireless networking in almost every walk of life and business. There are numerous applications of wireless networking. Through the wireless networking technology the office or home based working becomes easier. We have obtained new facilities regarding the domestic life and place of working in a business, for instance, now it has become easier to have the facility of the data and information sharing, printers, files, and Internet access among entire structure of the computers network. For instance someone has a printer at home and he wants to print a file through the laptop. In this scenario there is no need to link the laptop with the printer. Simply, he has to give the command of print and wirelessly linked printer will print the document (Swan). The fundamental advantage of the wireless technology is the elimination and mobility of unsightly cables. Here we have another main advantage in maintaining the network structure. We need to put less effort to establish and configure the Wireless networks. A more significant aspect of this Wireless networks technology is less costly establishment of network structure.In case of LAN the main disadvantage of the Wireless networks technology is about the limited coverage of the Wireless networks architecture in a working structure. Another main disadvantage of this technology is about the less feasible potential for the wireless radio technology interference in case of bad weather. S

Microeconomics Summary paper Term Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Microeconomics Summary - Term Paper Example Demand relationship is the association between the amount demanded and the price it is demanded at. Supply and demand are expressed in terms of the price (J. R. Adil, 2006). The force which distributes the resources is triggered by the correlation of supply and demand. The theories involved in market economy suggest that the supply and demand theory can distribute the resources in a highly efficient manner. To see how that happens we will study closely the laws of supply and demand. According to the â€Å"Law of Demand†, considering all the other factors to remain constant, the price of a good is inversely proportional to its demand. If the price of a good is increased than less people would want it and if the prices are decreased then more people will want to buy the good. With the increase in price of a good or service, there is an increase in the opportunity cost of the purchase of that particular good or service and that is why less people buy that good. This will result in people not buying goods which will cause them to abstain from using goods which are more valuable to them. As shown in the graph below, the curve is a downward slope. The curve of demand has three points on it which are A, B and C on it. On the curve, the relationship between price (P) and quantity (Q) is being directly represented at each point. So the quantity and price at point A will be Q1 and P1 respectively, and so on. The inverse relation between the price and quantity demanded is evident from the curve. At A the price is higher therefore the demand is lower whereas at C, the demand is higher and the price is lower (Economics Basics: Supply and Demand, 2003). The law of supply exhibits those quantities which are sold at fixed prices similar to that in the â€Å"Law of Demand†, but the slope in the law of supply is upward. This means that the price and the amount supplied are directly proportional to each other. Higher the price higher will be the supply.

What is good for the company is good for the people Research Paper

What is good for the company is good for the people - Research Paper Example that had harmed the environment and communities (Utting & Ives, 2006); an immense pressure is unsurprisingly placed now on Colombia’s mining sector with regards to its corporate social responsibility (CSR) to improve its sustainable development (Reyes, 2012). Current pressure will not only be about the sufficient supply of energy, but it will also be about clean energy that is environmentally sustainable (Pemberthy, 2012). Confronted with diverse issues so common in a developing nation, just like Colombia, CSR in this country is more easily criticized than appreciated. One factor Haslam (2004) cited is the low involvement of the private sector in carving Colombia’s CSR policies. As Blowfield and Frynas (2005) have observed, most CSR cases show that stakeholder dialogue and engagement is key to the success of CSR. Added to this, Haslam (2004) furthers, is the weak involvement of the Colombian government in the promotion of CSR and its failure in integrating CSR policies into its whole government policy. This perhaps could explain the conflict between corporations and communities. For example, the adoption of several corporations for sustainable CSR, which impact could not be immediately felt, was not appreciated by communities which due to deep level of poverty would understandably prefer short-term, yet easily felt benefits such as direct economic benefits or positions. (Baena, 2009/10) Whether CSR is good for business or good for the people or good for both, remains debatable until today. Focusing on the CSR of the two main oil companies in Colombia – the ECOPETROL S.A. and the OXY (Occidental Petroleum Corporation) – this study argues that CSR is good for the company and likewise for the people. As many corporations have argued, â€Å"†¦ there is a solid business case for CSR, which is associ ­ated with ‘win-win’ strategies; doing good environmentally and socially can simultaneously improve a company’s competitive advantage, reduce costs, enhance

Reading Response Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 7

Reading Response - Essay Example The observations by the explorers when reaching the island were a unique presence of the locals. They worked around naked and where friendly and generous. Columbus directed the other contingent to head north-northwest to explore and find more about the people living there. It is clear on what guided the explorers. Columbus focused less on the gifts they received from the locals but was aiming at the gold ornaments owned by the locals. This is an indication of what drove the explorers towards the island. The factors that led to the exploration were the search for treasure and raw materials. Columbus observes and finds out the origin of the ornaments. His intention was to identify whether it was obtained through trade or it was acquired locally. He was designing a positive feedback to send to the palace on their way home. The first explorers were tasked in observing and identifying opportunities on the land. The positive result prompted many settlers to contemplate living their home country and settling in the east. The other positive about the island was the richness in agricultural products, evident on the tools traded by the indigenous people. Factors that facility the successful operation was the friendly nature by the locals. The reason behind the collaborative nature of the indigenous people was there view of the foreigners. They perceived them to be from the heavens and treated them like demigods. This gave the explorer a chance to study the landscape and explore opportunities that the land would offer in return. The result was the positive feedback to the queen who encouraged more settlers to head to the island. The arrival of the first voyage could lead to more visitors to the land, this was a fact ignored by the locals. They provided information that led to the successful conquest of the land. The freedom of the locals was to be denied once the settlers

Olympic 2012 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Olympic 2012 - Essay Example The purpose of the study is to determine whether or not a net benefit, either from economic gain or legacy, or both, is likely in the case of the London Olympics. The concept of regeneration is often associated with the idea of ‘renaissance’ which means ‘being reborn’. This means, however, that the location which is the target of ‘regeneration’ has at some point in the past ‘degenerated’ or degraded to a point where it requires more than simple restoration or repair (Binns, 2005). Officially, the term ‘regeneration’ is described as ‘the positive transformation of a place – whether residential, commercial, or open space – that has previously displayed symptoms of physical, social and/or economic decline’ (Dept. of Culture, Media and Sports, 2004; Smith, 2004 p.165 ). What one might pick up from the definition is that the cause of degeneration may be traced in particular to industrial decline. Therefore, it used to be that mostly developed countries are the ones that undertook regeneration, while those countries still in the process of development do not . Formerly, ‘regeneration’ referred almost exclusively to developed Western countries; however, more recently ‘regeneration’ has already been used to refer to the modern cities in the developing countries, such as Hong Kong, Tokyo, Hanoi, Kuala Lumpur and Bangkok, in the context of their economic, environmental and social development programmes (Smith, 2004, p. 166). The direct and detailed meaning of ‘regeneration’ is not easy to put into words, since it is a concept made of several aspects brought together in a single process that displays ‘economic, environmental, social, cultural, symbolic, and political dimensions’ (Bianchini, 1993, p. 1). The different aspects of regeneration and activities undertaken under each are given in Smith (2009), p. 167 as

Hidden Job Market Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Hidden Job Market - Essay Example A strong strategy is to identify the industry that you are interested in being involved in and looks for activities and ways of connecting with them. One strategy is to get involved in volunteer activities, particularly those that people from your desired industry are also likely to be involved in. This gives you the chance to connect and socialize with the people that you are hoping to be employed by, leading to the establishment of relationships. For example, look at getting involved in volunteering for activities that are sponsored by a company you are interested in, or in a political campaign that the company supports. Another method is to get in contact with companies that are likely to need new stuff even if they have not advertised as such, such of those that have recently replaced someone important in management, or are involved in placing large or many advertisements. Getting in contact with the leadership of companies such as this an informing them of your interest even if they are not hiring is often an effective strategy. A second technique is pull; this involves making yourself visible so that potential employers contact you about employment. The internet is a prominent tool in this. One method of doing this is the use of social networking sites to create a networking profile on social networking sites. Sites such as Facebook are very broad and widely accessible, and there are also sites such as LinkedIn which are more professionally and industry related. Another way of doing this is to create a blog or webpage where you advertise you own personal skills, advantages and abilities. The use of such a site is important, as it will come up when a prospective employer searches your name through Google. It is important that when creating a page you create one that shows both your knowledge and your professionalism. The final technique is maintaining your network. This remains true even if you have

Cognitive Psychology nowadays Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Cognitive Psychology nowadays - Essay Example They look at man as a blank state wherein environment dictates what would become of that blank. In this perspective, a man on a harsh or violent environment would end up a bad person; on the other hand, being on a peaceful environment would make him a good one. With little regards on heredity, they viewed psychology as primarily dependent on nurturing. This supports their stand that a man's experience molds him to a person he ought to be regardless of his nature. It implies that conditioning determines what a person would become. May that person be an artist, a doctor or a criminal; his genes have least thing to do with it. That a man's development is solely based on what he had experienced. Cognitive psychology, on the other hand, focuses on man's mental capability. It regards man as the highest form of creature that is biologically equipped with logic and rationality. A man's intelligence is attributed to his innate genetic makeup. For them a man's recognition between good and evil lies naturally with his own. Man being able to comprehend life and its intricacies would certainly manage to distinguish a much simpler matter such as recognizing good and evil. His life's experiences influenced by its underlying factor such as people whom he encountered, hardships and joy, he learn to act accordingly.

3-1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

3-1 - Essay Example As listed by Jackson-Cherry and Erford (2014), the common symptoms of Posttraumatic Stress Disorders and Acute Stress Disorder include palpitations, nausea, headaches, muscle tension, fatigue and increased consumption of alcohol and use of other mood altering substances. Other symptoms are reduced concentration, anxiety, impatience, forgetfulness, rumination, preoccupation, irritability, anger, nightmares, intrusive thoughts, flashbacks, detachment, dissociation and depression. The listed symptoms are actually the diagnostic criteria for the conditions. The difference that separates ASD from PTSD attributes to time when either occurs. As elaborated by Jackson-Cherry and Erford (2014), diagnosis of ASD is possible if the related symptoms occur within a month of traumatic experience. Diagnosis of PTSD is possible if traumatic condition or experience occurred one month earlier before manifestation of the symptoms. In addition, PTSD is chronic if the symptoms persist for over three month s. With reference to the above analysis, Maryam’s situation relates to Acute Stress Disorder (ASD). This is due to the fact and understanding that Maryam began displaying traumatic symptoms such as anxiety, sleeplessness, nausea and increased use of alcohol and related substances before the setting in of the actual trauma. The real trauma occurred later and manifested through inability to drive car, concentrate in class and regrets for making a terrible mistake that almost led to loss of life of her passengers. Furthermore, trauma evidenced through occurrence and expression of suicidal thoughts to deal with perceived stupidity and inferiority that led to

Life of Maya Angelou Essay Example for Free

Life of Maya Angelou Essay Maya Angelou was born an African American. One would feel the agony she went through to be born as such and in America. Her grandmother was raped and bore a child; this child later came to be her mother. Similar to the ferocity her grandmother experienced, she was raped as a child by her mother’s boyfriend who was later on killed by her uncles. Because of this, she didn’t speak for almost six years afraid that her words had killed the man. This must be the dawn of her path to being a writer, realizing that words are powerful. If it could kill then it could give life as well. When her parents divorced, her grandmother took good care of her and her brother Bailey, Jr. and it was him who called her Maya. She became many things: a dancer, a cable car operator, a singer, a waitress, and where she flourished, a writer. The turn of her career came when she went to Egypt and Ghana. She went back to America to support Malcolm X’s Organization of African American Unity but he was assassinated. The struggle of the race continued as she supported Martin Luther King, Jr. who was also assassinated defending the African American cause, this made Maya Angelou devastated. She never stopped working for the emancipation of the African Americans and continued writing for equal rights and liberty. And so, in 1993, she read On the Pulse of Morning,’ at President William Jefferson Clintons inauguration at the White House. Her words are valuable to the nation. Her words influence men of power. Her life is interesting which produced works that are priceless to the American people most especially to the African Americans of whom she dedicated her efforts to for their emancipation. Angelou’s style of writing categorized her works in the genre of autobiographical fiction because of her writing styles in dialogues, characterization, development of theme, setting, plot and language. But for her, these are simply autobiographies. She speaks through her writing what she has learned or learning out of life. In her interview with Mike Schneider in Bloomberg TV, she talked to all women as her daughters for her book, â€Å"Letter to My Daughter†. She speaks to them how a woman surpasses an incident in life as she would, given a similar situation. She writes to all the women as her daughters, sharing with them her story like she was one with them. In the poem, â€Å"I Know Why the Caged Birds Sing†, one would feel between the lines how an African American feels in the land called America. The words are simple and yet powerful in the sense that it deeply triggers emotions from the reader. These are deep sentiments of an enslaved race, wanting to be free but â€Å"the bird’s wings are clipped†. Feelings of being held while the other birds are free: is something that she has undergone while the whites enjoy the liberty of being part of their race. A critic named Lupton, considered Angelou’s writings as autobiographies for they contain the elements of such: written by a single author, chronological, and they contain character, technique and them. Although, there are parts that are fictional, the elements necessary for an autobiography are present. Angelou has the tendency to go to the direction against the convention of what an autobiography is. She used the first person singular, â€Å"I† in talking about â€Å"we†. She is placed among the African American autobiographists but other writers insist that she has created a different kind of interpretation of the autobiographical form. The book, â€Å"I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings†, became an acclaim containing the sentiments of the black people. She wrote it out of a challenge by Robert Loomis, her editor, for her to write â€Å"high art†. African American literature is more challenged in such that the authors have to agree about the status of their writings on whether it’s â€Å"high art†. O’Neale considers Angelou’s poetry a â€Å"more expected ghetto expressiveness† and she also avoids a monolithic Black language. The bird was used as metaphor that is struggling to set itself free from its cage. The cage that incarcerates the creature represents â€Å"oppression† of the African American people. It must be emphasized as well that Angelou doesn’t intend to isolate the white people. She wanted to promote the relevance of diligence so as to change the concept of laziness among African Americans. At the latter part of the 1960s, one of her goals was to create a book that satisfied the criteria, â€Å"organic unity†. According to English literature scholar Valerie Sayers, her poetry and prose are similar because of the episodes which are done like a series of short stories, but they do not follow a chronology of events. Her prose and poems are both in â€Å"direct voice†, which are characterized by steady rhythms with lyrical patterns that use figures of speech (similes and metaphors). Hagen has mentioned that Angelou’s works were influenced by the African American community’s literary and oral tradition. She uses the â€Å"blues† music and literary characters in testifying about her life and hardships, with the use of metaphors, rhythms, and intonations. Angelou’s one of the most important themes are â€Å"kinship†, this has something to do with her parents abandonment of her and her brother, her relationship with her son, husbands and lovers all throughout her books. She discusses the value of family relationships of how it can affect development of a person. She spoke of her paternal grandmother who prophesied of her being a teacher when she intentionally went mute. Telling her that she would be a teacher someday but how could that happen if she does not speak. In most of her books, â€Å"motherhood† is predominantly manifested based on her experiences as a single mother, a daughter, and a granddaughter. Like in the book, â€Å"Letter to My Daughter†, she dedicated this book to all women pondering on their life experiences. She delivered words of wisdom to soothe and give directions to their souls. When asked if she would say the same things to her son or sons, she said it would be different. She would never know how it is to be a man. If she would write something for her son/sons, it would be through the perspective of a woman. Her plot often surrounds in this motif – mother child. â€Å"The woman who survives intact and happy must be at once tender and tough. † Maya Angelou, Wouldnt Take Nothing For My Journey Now (1994) She is an embodiment of strength and wisdom. This is where she gets her tenets from the experiences she has gained from childhood up to the present which molded her to become a woman whom people listen to. For Scholar Mary Burgher, African American women autobiographers have rejected the stereotyping of roles as â€Å"breeder and matriarch† of their kind and they are being presented as â€Å"creative and personally fulfilling†. Maya Angelou also wanted to deliver the message that women are more than the purpose of bringing forth children. Women are valuable beings in society as much as men are. In her books, women are winners and are brilliant who have overcome hindrances of racial discrimination. She has been influenced greatly by her relationship with her grandmother who died early in her third autobiography, â€Å"Singin’ and Swingin’ and Getting’ Merry Like Christmas†. Momma (Angelou’s grandmother), is quoted in the whole book. I write because I am a Black woman, listening attentively to her people. Maya Angelou, 1984[87] She has greatly contributed to the emancipation of the black people in America working alongside with Malcom X and Martin Luther King, Jr. Went through devastation because of their deaths but continued on the struggle of her people. She continued to express the pains she goes through as a black woman through her music and poems. Using her gift in expressing through words her thoughts and struggles, unified the very same sentiments of all the black people in America. Her experiences especially from childhood gave her the foundation she needed to become who she is now. Everything that transpired in her life was a message she depicted in all her books. She resisted racial biases and protested outright to effect change in American society. She mentioned in her interviews when asked if she was angry, she said, â€Å"I am angry but I am not bitter†¦Ã¢â‚¬ , reiterating that anger was necessary to express indignation to the unjust treatment towards the black people. She emphasized, however, that she is not bitter. There is a difference between those two. She used anger to advance the cause of African Americans but made sure there is no bitterness in her heart. Works Cited Hagen, L. (1997). Heart of a Woman, Mind of a Writer, and Soul of a Poet: A Critical Analysis of the Writings of Maya Angelou. Lanham, Maryland: University Press. Lauret, M. (1994). Liberating Literature: Feminist fiction in America. New York: Routledge. ONeale, S. (1984). Reconstruction of the Composite Self: New Images of Black Women in Maya Angelous Continuing Autobiography. Garden City, NY: Doubleday.

Ethnicity and language Essay Example for Free

Ethnicity and language Essay 1. Ethnicity Ethnicity is not a clear-cut term. It usually describes someone’s racial or cultural background but has a whole host of other connotations connected with appearance, dress, food, lifestyle etc. The ethnic majority in a particular place are, not necessarily those with the largest numbers, but those with social and political power. It is also the case that often terms describing race are fairly meaningless. People from the ‘British race’ for example originate from many other cultures and countries, depending on how far back you trace their family trees. 2. Prejudiced language Language can be used to make certain ethnic groups appear to be outsiders, or different from the ethnic majority. Markedness It is often assumed that immigrants, and people from ethnic minorities, must fit in with the ways and traditions of the ethnic majority. When this happens, the ethnic identity of the majority begins to appear normal and invisible, whilst that of the minority appears, strange, worthy of mention and marked. We often find in the media that people’ ethnicity is only mentioned when they are not white. So, we hear things like â€Å"the murdered black teenager Steven Lawrence† even in instances where the description of ethnicity is irrelevant. Negative labelling People are often labelled according to their colour, race or ethnicity. The problem with such labels is firstly that they may stop us seeing other aspects of the person as we are focussed on the attribute that the label describes. The second problem is that very often these labels are associated with negative stereotypes. We often find that the most marginalized groups in our society have the largest numbers of offensive terms to describe them. In addition, the media runs relatively few stories about those from ethnic minorities, and those that are included tend to reinforce the negative stereotypes by being about crime or disorder. 3. Marking Ethnic Identity Language can also be used as a powerful marker of ethnic identity. The language that we speak, and how we speak it, shows the ethnic group to which we believe we belong and claim solidarity with. British Black English People of West Indian and African Caribbean origin in England use many different varieties depending on where about they live and how long their families have been in Britain. Those born in Britain usually speak a variety of English and also a variety of Jamaican Creole, known as Patois. Linguistic features of Patois ?Lexical items (lick (hit), kenge (weak), bex (angry) ?Use of [? ] and [? ] in place of [? ] and [? ] e. g. [t? n] for [ n] ?Plural forms without /s/ suffix (e. g. many cow) ?Verbs not marked for tense (walk in place of walked) ?Simplified pronouns ([mi] for I, me, my and [dem] for they, them and their) ?Use of ‘fi’ in place of ‘to’ before infinitives. African American Vernacular English In the USA, the distinct languages of people of African American origin disappeared centuries ago. Nevertheless, a distinct variety of English, called African American Vernacular English (AAVE), has developed which acts as a symbol of ethnicity. AAVE is most often heard in cities in the North of the states. Linguistic features of AAVE ?Absence of standard copula be (e. g. ‘she very nice’, ‘that my book’) ?Use of copula be to signal recurring actions (‘she be at school on weekdays’) ?Multiple negation (‘I don’t want none’)? Consonant cluster simplification (‘aks in place of asks’) ?Existential it (where standard English has ‘there’, ‘it’s a boy’ for ‘there’s a boy’) Maori English In New Zealand, it is not clear if a Maori dialect of English actually exists. What is certain is that the features listed below occur more often in the speech of Maoris than Pakeha (non-Polynesian New Zealanders, usually of European origin) Linguistic features of Maori English ?Use of [? ] and [? ] in place of [? ] and [? ] e. g. [t? n] for [ n] ?Use of vocabulary items such as kia ora (greeting) and kuia (old woman)? Vernacular verb forms (walk for walked) ?Present tense forms with /s/ ‘I sees you’, ‘we gets home’) 4. Social Networks Social networks can help us understand speech patterns as the language and variety we use is influenced by the people we spend time with. You can draw a simple social network by considering the four or five people you speak to most often and drawing lines from their names to yours on a map. If any of those people know each other independently of you, connect them with lines (preferably of a different colour) too. Then add their two or three best friends, and so on.e. g. Tom Richard Bob Barbara Sandy Dave Features of social networks Density Density refers to whether members of a person’s network are in touch with each other separately. In the example above, only Richard and Bob know each other independently of Tom so his network is not a dense one. Plexity Plexity refers to the type of transactions that we are involved in with other people. If, for example, Tom only ever plays squash with Barbara, the relationship would be considered a uniplex one. If however, Tom and Barbara lived, worked and socialised together it would be a multiplex one. Language and Networks The language or variety we use is influenced by the people we talk to and what we talk to them about. We may change the language or variety we are using depending on which part of our network we are currently interacting with. For example, we may be more formal at work than at home. This type of language/variety shift is probably more likely if our social network is not very dense and our relations tend to be uniplex. If our networks are dense and multiplex, the whole network is more likely to use the use the same language or variety.

Mergers and Acquisitions: Indian Banking Consolidation

Mergers and Acquisitions: Indian Banking Consolidation Globally it has been found that the mergers and acquisition have become one of the major ways to corporate restructuring which has also struck the financial services industry which has experienced merger waves leading to the emergence of huge banks and financial institutions. The main reason for mergers is intense competition among the companies in the same industry which put focus on economies of scale, efficiency in cost and profitability. Some other factors leading to the mergers is the too big to fail principle followed by the authorities. In few countries like Germany, weak banks were forcefully merged to avoid the problem financial distress arising out of bad loans and erosion of capital funds. Several academic studies have analyzed merger related gains in banking and these studies have adopted two approaches. The first approach deals with evaluating the long term performance of the merger by analyzing the accounting information such as return on assets, operating costs and eff iciency ratios. A mergers is considered to have led to improved performance if the the change in the accounting based performance is superior to the changes in the performance of the comparable banks that were not involved in the merger activity during that period. Another approach is to analyze the gains in stock price of the bidder and the target company around the announcement of the merger. In this approach the merger is assumed to create value if the combined value of the bidder and target banks increase on the announcement of the merger and the consequent and the stock prices reflect the potential value of the acquiring banks. The objective of this paper is to present a panoramic view of merger trends in India and to ascertain two important perceptions of stake-holders, shareholders and managers and to discuss dilemmas and other issues of this topic of Indian banking. Review of Literature for impact of mergers The two important issues which are examined by various academic studies relating to bank mergers are: impact of mergers on the operating performance and efficiency of the banks Impact of mergers on the market value of the equity of both bidder and the target banks. Cornett and Tehranian (1992) and Spindit and Tarhan (1992) provided evidence for increase in post-merger operating performance. However the studies of Berger and Humphrey (1992), Piloff (1996) and Berger (1997) did not find any evidence in increase in post-merger operating performance. Berger and Humphrey (1994) also reported that most of the studies that examined pre-merger and post-merger financial ratios found no impact on operating cost and profit ratios. The reasons for mixed evidence are: lag between completion of merger process and the realization of benefits of mergers, sample selection and the methods adopted in the financing of mergers. Further, the financial ratios may be misleading indicators of performance because they do not take into account for product mix or input prices. On the other hand researches may also could have confused scale and scope efficiency gains with what is known as X-efficiency gains. Recent studies have explicitly employed frontier X-efficiency met hods to identify the X-efficiency benefits of bank mergers. Few studies have also analyzed the potential benefits and scale economies of mergers. Landerman (2000) explored diversification benefits to be had from banks merging with non banking financial service firms. Simulated mergers of US banks and non-bank financial service firms demonstrated that diversification of banks into insurance business and securities brokerage is optimal for reducing the probability of bankruptcy for bank holding companies. Wheelock and Wilson (2004) found that expected merger activity in US banking industry is positively related to management rating, size of the bank, competitive position and geographical location of banks and is negatively related to market concentration. The second issue determined was the analysis of merger gains in terms of the gains in stock price performance of the bidder and the target banks on announcement of merger. In this case a merger is expected to create value only if the combined value of the bidder and target companies increases after the declaration of the merger. However a lot of studies have failed to find any direct relationship between the merger and the gains in performance or in shareholder wealth. But there are reasons for mixed evidence as a merger announcement also takes in to account the way the deal is financed .If equity offerings are used it may be interpreted as overvaluation by the issuer. Therefore the negative announcements returns to the firms that are bidding can be attributed to the negative signalling which is completely unrelated to the value which is created by the merger. Returns to the bidders companies shareholders is greater when the merger is totally financed with cash than in mergers in whi ch financing is done through equity offering. There is one more problem with this event study analysis as if there is a consolidation wave going on; mergers are anticipated by stockholders and analyst. Potential candidates for the mergers are highlighted and made popular by the financial press and the stock market analysts. In these cases the event study analysis may fail. Therefore an analysis of mergers across the world and a literature review does not provide strong evidence on the benefits gained by banks in the mergers in the banking industry. Also the findings of the literature also contrast with the findings of the consultants who find a considerable cost savings and operational efficiency achieved through mergers. The reasons why academic study do not find cost benefits and the consultants highlight this fact are Consulates may study a potential cost savings which may not materialize They tend to highlight potential cost saving activities and the economist study all the activities. They tend to be biased towards successful cases and ignore the unsuccessful ones. They tend blow up the benefits achieved while the benefits may be miniscule if accounted on a relative terms. The academic studies provide motivation for the examination and evaluation of two important issues pertaining to the mergers and acquisition to the Indian banking. Do mergers help in improving the operational performance and result in cost savings However in India most of the mergers are forced by the central bank in order to protect the interest of the depositors and avoid financial distress therefore the above mentioned reason is rarely found in the mergers activities. Do merger provide abnormal gains and returns to the acquirer and the target banks upon the declaration Consolidation Trends Observed in India Improving the operational performance and cost efficiency has always been a priority in Indian banking sector and has been a major issue of discussions in the policy formulation by the government of India in the consultation and with the central bank (Reserve Bank of India). Several committees have also been formed in order to suggest structural changes to achieve this objective. Some of the major committees formed are Banking Commission, 1972 Chairman R.G Saraiya, 1976 chairman : Manubhai Shah Committee for the functioning of public sector banks, 1978 chairman : James S Raj These committees have suggested the restructuring of the Indian banking system with an objective to improve the process of credit delivery and also suggested the idea of having around 3 to 4 large banks which have a pan India presence and the rest of the bank should be present at the regional level. The major thrust on consolidation started with the Narasimham committee in 1991. It emphasised and embarked upon consolidation and merger in order to make the Indian banks huge in size and also comparable to the global banks. A second Narasimham committe was also formed in 1998 which suggested mergers and consolidation among the strong banks in public as well as private sector and also with other financial institutions, NBFC (Non Banking Financial Companies). Now we will have a look at some of the recent trends in consolidation in Indian banking. Restructuring of weak Indian Banks Amongst other routes government of India has adopted mergers as a means to achieve restructuring of the Indian banking system. Many banks which are small in size and are weak are merged with other banks which are stronger and are larger to protect the interest of the depositors and also to avoid financial distress. These types of mergers can be termed as forced mergers. Hence when a banks shows symptoms of sickness like increasing size of NPAs, reduction in the net worth and substantial decline in capital adequacy ratio, RBI forces moratorium under the section 45(1) of the Banking Regulation act 1949 for a specified period on the activities and the operations of the working of the sick bank. In this period a strong bank is identified and asked to prepare and present a scheme of merger with the weak bank. In this case the acquirer banks takes hold of all the assets of the weak bank and ensures the depositors of their money in case they want to withdraw. The mergers which took place in the pre-reform period fall into this category. In the post reform period 21 mergers have taken place out of which 13 are forced mergers where RBI has intervened. The main reason for these mergers was the protection of the depositors interest and avoids the financial distress. Mergers which took place voluntarily Apart from forced mergers there have been few mergers in which expansion, diversification and growth were the major motives and in which RBI did not intervene or force. The first merger of this kind took place in 1993 when the Times Bank was acquired by HDFC bank which was followed by acquisition of Bank of Madura by the ICICI Bank. The latest of these is merger of Lord Krishnan Bank with Centurion Bank of Punjab. Although in all these deals the target bank suffered with low profitability, Increase in NPA and lack of alternate revenues in order to provide cushion for capital adequacy but these mergers were not forced. There was no regulatory intervention in these mergers however the motives behind these mergers may not necessarily be scale of economies and achieving market power. For instance ICICI bank acquired bank of Russia with a motive of entry in to Russia although it just had one branch. SBI acquired 51% stake in Mauritian Bank through Indian Ocean International Bank which wil l be integrated with the State Bank of Indias International business as a subsidiary. Integration of Financial Services and Achieving Universal Banking Model Several developmental financial institutions have been formed over a period of time in India in order to improve the efficiency of allocation of resources to different segments of the economy. However because of the flexibility given by the RBI to the banks in the credit delivery process the banks have increased and diversified their loan portfolio to various areas such as project finance, long-term loans, and other specialised sector lending. This is the reason why DFIs have become redundant. A working capital group (1998) was appointed by RBI which has recommended the universal model of banking by exploring the possibility of mergers between various sets of financial entities based on economical considerations. Similarly in the private sector ICICI merger with its subsidiary bank and IDBI (industrial Development Bank of India) was incorporates as a public sector bank which acquired private sector bank IDBI bank in 2004. In order to provide integrated financial services and achieve operation efficiencies many public sector banks have acquired their subsidiaries, for instance Andhra Bank acquired its housing finance subsidiary Andhra Bank Housing Finance LTD, Bank of India acquired BOI finance Ltd and BOI Asset Management Company Ltd. Acquisition of similar types took place in the private sector as well. Alignment of Operations of Foreign Banks with Global Trends As the Parent banks went under reconstruction process their parts operating in India also started restructuring. For example, Standard Charted Grindlay bank was formed due to acquisition of ANZ Grindlay by the Standard Charted Bank. Similarly due to acquisition of two Japanese banks like Sakura Bank and Sumitomo Bank Ltd the Indian operations of Sakura Bank were merged with Sumitomo Bank in 2001.Forign banks were permitted to enter into merger and acquisition transaction with any of the private sector bank in India with a condition that the overall investment limit limit will be 74 per cent after the second phase of WTO commitments which commenced in April 2009. This may lead to further consolidation in the Indian banking sector. Merger and Consolidation of Cooperatives, RRBs and UCBs Small banks present in India apart from other banks are co-operative banks, Regional Rural Banks (RRBs) and Urban Co-operative Banks (UCBs). These are formed for fulfilling the credit requirements of agriculture, small traders and SSI and other rural economic activities. All of these institutions are suffering from bad loans, operational inefficiencies, and Poor recovery of loans. This proved to be a barrier for further lending and financial intermediation. A committee formed under Jugdish Capoor suggested voluntary amalgamations or merger of these co-operatives based on various criterias like economies of scale, especially in areas where the operations of these banks have become unviable and there are no more in a position to supply credit to agriculture sector. 28 RRBs were consolidated into 9 new RRBs in September 2005.A high powered committee on Urban Co-operative Banks (1999) recommended that UCBs which are sick should be liquidated in a time bound manner as the operation of lar ge number of financially sick banks is devastating for UCBs and also for the interest of depositors. Due to this more mergers are expected in the future and RBI also has taken a lot of new initiatives for restructuring of banks including the issuance of guidelines in May 2005. Shareholders Perception of Merger As stated above the Indian banking sector has experienced two types of mergers – focussed and voluntary mergers. Forced mergers were initiated by RBI and their main objective was to protect the interest of the depositors and prevent financial distress of the banks. Whenever a bank showed symptoms of sickness like huge NPA levels, erosion of net worth etc, RBI intervened and merged the weak bank with a stronger one by force. Thus we can form a hypothesis that in case of forced mergers the target banks shareholders will gain abnormally with the declaration. The second type of merger is voluntary type where the motivation behind the merger is to achieve cost reduction, increase in size, diversification, strategic entry into a market. In these cases the acquired banks reaped the benefit of branch network and customer clientele of the banks acquired. In these cases both the acquirer bank and the target bank must have had benefit out of the merger. In this paper the mergers between 1993 to 2006 are considered. There were 21 mergers out of which only five were voluntary. These are mainly mergers of private sector banks with other private sector banks. Two cases are conversion of financial institution to commercial bank where the objective was to form a universal bank model which offers a wide range of financial services. Ina study conducted which is presented in this paper six cases of forced mergers were selected for the purpose of analysis as in other cases the target banks were not listed and the size of the banks were much lower than the acquirer banks therefore these cases are of less merit for further analysis. In this study the wealth effects of almost all the banking mergers during the period 1999-2006 is analyzed. The event study analysis used in this analysis is very straight forward and conventional. The merger period consist of four days prior and four days after the event. The reason for taking such window is to analyze the change in wealth of the shareholder around the day of the declaration on the merger. Daily adjusted closing prices of stocks and the market index is taken for the analysis. The abnormal returns are calculated as follows. ARit= Rit – [a + BRm] Here Rit: daily return on firm ‘i on day ‘t Rmt is the return on the bench mark index a and B are the regression parameters. The abnormal return is calculated for both the acquirer and the target firm and the significance of these values are tested by finding standard error and the t-value : Analysis of Research Results In forced mergers case the stockholders of target banks have not achieved any significant returns on the declaration of the merger. However in the case of Nedungadi Bank, the stockholder did gain significant on the 2nd day of the announcement but after that no abnormal returns were found. In the case of GTB the stockholders had deeply discounted the merger. As it was a case of serious case of bank failure the merger did give a confidence to the depositors but the merger declaration did not provide any abnormal returns. United bank did gain marginally on the announcement but it was not significant statistically. Thus the hypothesis that target banks shareholders welcome merger announcement as a safety net can be rejected. The shareholders of the acquirer bank lost their market value of equity. In case of ICICI bank, it was signalled as an emergence of a large private sector bank and hence due to which the banks shareholders expectations go up with significant increase in the returns. In other cases of acquisition the acquirer bank lost on merging with the weak banks. Hence in all the forced mergers neither the acquirer bank nor the target bank gained on declaration of the merger and the stockholders of the acquirer bank lost wealth as the announcement of the merger was taken as a negative signal. It is argued that merger of weak banks with strong ones is essential for restructuring of banking system and also a step in the consolidation of the banking sector. But in almost all the mergers it was found that the target banks for the merger were determined at the time when they were at the verge of getting collapse. The acquirer bank which was forced by RBI was left with no option but to accept the proposed merger. It is recommended that RBI should pursue Prompt corrective action system and should determine the weak banks on the basis of some defined criterias so that the acquirer bank can choose the target banks on the strategic issues which benefit all the parties . Abnormal Returns of Target Banks Abnormal returns of Bidder banks In case of voluntary mergers it can be seen that the target banks have obtained higher returns that the acquirer banks. Both the acquirer and the target banks stockholders benefitted on declaration of the merger. Therefore the stock market welcomed the merger which will lead to growth and efficiency aspects of the merged entity and benefitted the shareholders of both the banks. For instance in the case of acquisition of times banks by HDFC bank it was viewed as a positive signal by the shareholders of both the bank. At the time of the merger the Times Bank was crippled with increasing NPAs and low profitability, the acquisition by the HDFC bank gave relief to the depositors of the Times Bank. On the other hand HDFC bank emerged as the largest private sector bank by gaining from the retail portfolio of the Times Bank. In case of BOM acquisition by the ICIC bank the BOM gained the advantage of being able to provide services like Treasury management, cash management services to its cust omers and ICICI bank increased its size by acquiring BOM and reached the position of large private sector banks in 1999. At the announcement of the merger there was a steep rise in the gains which was reaped by the BOM shareholders however the stockholders of ICIC bank did not get any significant returns. In all the even study analysis revealed that neither the acquirer bank nor the target bank stock holders have perceived any potential gain on the declaration of the mergers. Hence the share holders who are important stakeholders of the banking companies did not consider the mergers as a signal of improving health, economies of scale and the market power of banks. Managers take on the Mergers Managers provide highest priority to the merger of the two public sector banks which provides a signals the banking sectors view on the need for consolidation of public sector banks. Managers do not prefer the merger of bank and NBFCs or financial services entities There are some issues which are needed to be taken care of while proposing a merger of banks according to the managers Valuation of the Loan portfolio of the target bank This is one of the main factor which is needed to be considered at the time of the merger. As in the management of the credit portfolio the accounting and the exposure norms suggested by the RBI are the same which helps in figuring out the book value of loans easily. However Indian banks have adopted divergent practices in rating the borrowers, loan pricing and maintenance of collateral securities therefore a detailed audit of the loan portfolio, cash flow generation and collaterals is very essential in order to get an opinion on the value of the loan portfolio of the target bank. Valuation of Intangible assets The valuation of the assets of the banks is a very critical factor for the success of any merger or consolidation. The tangible assets of the bank are loans, investment part apart from other fixed assets like buildings, ATMs and the IT infrastructure the bank owns. A commercial bank also holds a lot of intangible assets like clientele based on core deposits, safety value contracts, computer softwares, human resources, brands and goodwill. Determining the inherent strength of the bank based on the valuation of the intangible assets is also very important. Determination of the value of equity Determining the value of the target banks assets, liabilities and valuation of its equity value is the major aspect of a merger process. Various approaches can be used like dividend discount model, cash flow to equity model and excess return model. However banks have totally different operations than a normal manufacturing firm as they are highly leveraged because they have more than 90% of the resources as borrowed or as debt and banks are highly regulated institutions and regulatory instruction have vast implication in asset and income recognition. Interest rates volatility, regulatory capital adequacy ratios and restriction on dividend pay put ratios also have influence on the earnings of the banks. Human Resource Issues It is the most complicated issue in the merger process.HR issues like the service condition, strategy for rewarding people, employee relation, benefit plans and compensation, provision of pension, law suits and the trade union actions are very critical for the viability of the merger and the deal to go through. Cultural Issues This is also a critical issue in the pre-merger and post merger period. It is central to an organizational environment and recognizing cultural friction is very difficult as it results in various problems such as poor productivity, riff in the top management, increase in the turnover rates, delays in the integration process and failures in realizing the projected synergies. Information Technology platform integration In todays banking banks are highly dependent on the information technology. It has become a key strategic issue due to the impact it has on the operation of the bank. A significant portion of the synergy depends on the information technology integration. Divergent IT platforms and software systems have proven to be major constraints in the consolidation. Customer Retention Customers also major stakeholders of banks and are needed to be communicated properly about the merger and the customers of the target bank should be attended with utmost care. Various studies have shown that firms borrowing from target banks are very likely to lose their relationship with the bank on its merger.

The Growing Popularity of Extreme Sports Essay -- Extreme Sports

Extreme Sports Over the past ten years I have noticed that my local snowboarding park has become more crowded every season, especially with younger kids. This has not only been the case for snowboarding, but for all extreme sports. I’ve noticed this trend at my local skateboarding park also. More so, there has been a noticeable increase of extreme sports being broadcast on television today than ever before. These changes caused me to ask the question: why have extreme sports become so popular to youngsters? It could be the appeal people have toward the imminent possibility that someone might get seriously hurt, but I doubt it. I think the media, especially television, has definitely increased extreme sports popularity. In this essay I will explain how the media, and other dominant resources have sparked and created the presence and increased popularity of extreme sports. When extreme sports were first invented they were not meant to be a product of media culture. For example â€Å"Sherman Poppen was looking for an activity that would keep his young daughters occupied so his pregnant wife could get some me-time when he nailed two wooden skis together and called it a Snurfer. This was the snowboard born thirty-seven years ago.† (McCallum p.3) However, when extreme sports made it to television, they were became a huge product of the media culture and were not spread by word of mouth anymore. Media coverage of extreme sports has shown people what these new sports are all about. In 1995 ESPN started an extreme sports contest called the Extreme games; know now as simply â€Å"X Games†. This event is so popular that they broke the televised event into two annual shows: the â€Å"Winter X Games† and the â€Å"Summer X Games† to make it possible for s... ...me products are reaching an all time high on the popularity scale. We can thank television and other media types for this trend. When we look at this increase we can’t leave out the support that local skate parks and resorts have made to support this uproar of extreme sport popularity. For example, the resort Keystone as added as of last year a super terrain park that extends all the way down the mountain. Two years ago, they had nothing. This is because Breckenridge, with one of the most well know terrain parks in the nation, has attracted more people in the past than Keystone. With this in mind, the up rise in extreme sports has not only changed the major business persona of attack, but has greatly influenced the activities performed by youngsters of today. Ten years ago, who would have thought a seven year old boy would pick up a skateboard instead of a baseball.

Conquering David Essay -- essays research papers fc

The Conquering David If there can be such beauty and structure of one man, it can be marveled at through the figure of David. Destined to be the king of Israel, David armed with weapons and wit creates a brave yet intellectual spirit as he defeats the Philistine giant, Goliath. With such a powerful presence as David, it is easy to see how three talented artists could portray a strong and intelligent man in a very different but still successful manner. Michelangelo, Donatello, and Verrocchio all had the same idea of the power that David represented though they all had an obviously different vision of how that power was displayed. Through youth, expression, and composition the artists all manage to capture the courage of David.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In Donatello’s figure of David there is a youthful, adolescent, and barely developed young boy. Donatello manages to combine classicism with realism by presenting a real image of an Italian peasant boy in the form of a classical nude. Instead of a Greek youth David is shown as a little boy with a lack of muscle. It must have been through intellect and courage that the young David defeated the mighty Goliath, whose head lie beside the feet of the conqueror. With his sword at rest on his side it almost seems too heavy for him to handle. David seems somewhat astonished as he looks down upon his body and at the head of Goliath yet at the same time has a surprised confidence.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Verrocch...

Feminism before the 20th Century Essay -- History Female Gender Papers

Feminism before the 20th Century For generations, women had been subjected to men. Women had no saying in what was going on around them, to what they wanted their lives to be, or even when it came to their bodies. Many women have raised their voices to protest against this subjugation, sometimes at great personal risk. Such is the French case of Marie Gouze(1748-93), who under the name Olympe de Gouges, wrote "Declaration of the Rights of Women and Citizen." In this document Marie advocated for civic equality, as well as equal participation in political rights, women's right to vote, and equal education. She presented this document to Marie Antoinette in 1789. Unfortunately, the proposal was rejected and Marie was condemned to the guillotine by the radical Jacobin in the assembly, however the ideals have survived through the years. In the 19th century, due to the industrial revolution, a new middle class with wealth from land, trading, and factories, was created. The women of this class took Marie's ideals and created has come to be known as the feminist movement. These women were educated, and it was obvious to them the rights they were missing, because they saw how the men of their class had acquired these rights with the new found wealth. The goals of the Women's Movement in the 19th century were to get the vote, to archive equality in property rights, access to education, access to jobs and fair pay, divorce, and children's custody. In spite of a few changes women still where a long way from archiving equality at the end of the 19th century, so the women of the 20th century following in the foot step of their feminist ancestors continued the fight for the total realization of all of these goals. Women fight ... ...transformations can be seen as extensions of the goals set in the 19th century. Childcare can be seen as an extension, of the desire of women to work, since to be able to work someone had to take care of the children. Abortion, and the use of birth control, can be seen as an extension of the desire of women to run their own lives from choosing whom to marry, to choosing whom to vote for. So in one way or another, the transformations that feminism invoked in the 20th century are part of the next logical step after the transformation achieved in the 19th century because at the end, the supreme goal of feminism has always been total equality, or should we say liberation, in all areas, political, sexual, economical, and social. Word Cited: Howard Spodek, "The World's History," vol 2. 1998 Roy Macridis and Mark Hulliung, "Contemporary Political Ideologies," 1996

The Economic Impact of Tourism

Social and cultural impact of tourism As an industry, tourism is a dynamic, evolving, consumer-driven force. It is the world’s largest industry. It is the employer of 183 million people. This represents 10,2% of the global workforce. By employing one out of every the workers, travel and tourism is the world’s largest employer. As an industry, tourism is expected to grow much faster than other sectors. Growing so rapidly, tourism presents tremendous opportunities and challenges.Although a mature industry, tourism is a young profession. The good news is the variety of career prospects for today’s hospitality and tourism graduates. Tourism is a leading producer of tax revenues. When a tourist spends money to travel, to stay in a hotel, or to eat in a restaurant, that money is recycled by these businesses to purchase more goods, thereby generating further use of the money. In addition, employees of businesses who serve tourists spend a high proportion of their money locally on various goods and services.This chain reaction continues until there’s a leakage, meaning that money is used to purchase something from outside their area. This phenomenon is usually called the multiplier effect. Social and cultural impact of tourism From a social and cultural perspective, tourism can have both positive and negative impacts on communities. Even a visit to another part of your own country can both socially and culturally stimulating. Undoubtedly, tourism has made significant contributions to international understanding, peace and prosperity.However, tourism results not only in sociocultural benefits but also in sociocultural problems. Imagine the feelings of an employee in a developing country who earns perhaps $5 per day when he sees wealthy tourists flaunting money. Another example is nude female tourists sunbathing in a Moslem country. On the other hand, tourism is a clean and green industry, that most of the hotels are built with concern for the environment and use local crafts people, designers, and materials.Tourism brings new revenue to the area, it also creates and maintains higher rate of employment than if there were no tourism. During the past few years, the so-called â€Å"ecotourism† has developed in the countries which try to minimize visitor impact on their natural and cultural environment. In practical terms, ecotourism tour operators prepare participants by educating them about local culture, animals, plants.

Lang’s Alcohol Study: An Analysis

The direct conducted by researcher Alan Lang on the effects of inebriant represented matchless of the start approaches to utilise the double-blind form of study. A double-blind study is a type of study in which uncomplete the erupticipants nor the experi menters themselves know who has received the treatment.In Langs (1975) study, he and his colleagues pre-tested amounts of vodka and dad water, and plain impertinent water, to determine whether or not the 2 can be significantly severalise from one an opposite. After learning that the deuce were virtually the same in taste, they recruited college men who expound themselves as favorable drinkers to receive players in the study.Some of the participants drank vodka and fresh water succession others drank tonic water entirely. It was and consequently revealed in the study that practically one-half of the men who drank vodka and tonic water judgement they were drinking tonic water barely, while those who did drink toni c water alone mentation their drink was mixed with vodka. The be postdate part of the experiment entailed provoking the participants, and the resoluteness was that those who believed that they had drunk vodka displayed more anger than those who thought they had drank tonic water nevertheless.It can be said then that the principal(a) suggest of Langs entire study was to visualize the effects of alcohol on kind behavior. However, his study deviated from the normal process of development alcohol as a center of studying behavior beca utilize of the incorporated factor of a double-blind. Also, his study could be defined as a correlational one, as it basically sought to find a relationship between the alcohol and the provoked aggressiveness among the participants.Only a primary source was used, and the subjects in this case were college students of the potent gender. As for the selection of the participants for the study however, random selection was not utilized as only me n who specifically described themselves as social drinkers were chosen to bugger off part. The reason for this was probably because it was imperative for the results of the study that the participants be drinkers by nature, as only they could in effect stimulate the best detect of differentiating vodka and tonic from tonic water alone. To do random selection would afford been fractious as the researchers would have no plight as to the drinking preferences of the participants.The sampling rule used was also not stratified, as in stratification, the sample population is first divided into a number of part or strata, in order to pertain it to the major varyings being studied. The independent variable (IV) in this case is the alcohol condition to the participants, whether it was vodka and tonic or plain tonic water alone. The dependent variable (DV) was the rejoinder of the participants, specifically the level of aggression displayed in response to the discomfort done by the researchers.The theory for this study is that it was done in order to determine the effects alcohol could have on behavior, regardless of whether it (alcohol) was genuinely given or if it was truely perceived. A probable hypothesis would be that it the mere perception that alcohol was a part of ones drink could effectively lead to a change in behavior on the part of the participants, without the exigency for the actual consumption of the alcohol. As prove by the documented results, this is exactly what happened. while the research is for the most part valid, especially with the use of the double-blind approach, there are withal certain flaws in the procedure and methodology that could be ameliorated upon by those who would ulterior conduct related studies. First of all, the length of time with which the experiment was done could have been lengthened so that there would be more time to test the reactions of the participants. The use of other forms of alcohol other than vodka and tonic water would have also been a welcome addition to the process of the research, as it would lend even more credibleness to the results of the study.The provocation itself could be placed under(a) question the researchers should have first interpreted steps to make sure that the provocation would not unknowingly trigger all previously stored extreme emotions. As an example, if one of the participants were black and the provocation was racially charged, this could dish up to heighten the aggravated response of the participant as opposed to what would have been only a normal reaction. Perhaps the largest orthogonal variable of all was the non-random selection of participants for the study. age it is noted that the researchers needed participants to be social drinkers to validate the differentiation process, there could have been other ways to better improve selection and reduce bias and other threats to validity. What could have been done was to select a large population of college students randomly and then determine who among those selected were drinkers. From that sample, the researchers could have then utilize another randomization process to come up with the final list of participants.Nevertheless, in summary the Lang study has proven to conduct much to the body of knowledge in psychology, and for all its faults, still remains to be one of the classic psychological experiments desirable of emulation.Works CitedRathus, Spencer. Psychology Concepts and Connections, 9th Ed.. Thomson and Wadworth, 2007.Jung, John. Psychology of alcoholic beverage and Other Drugs A Research Perspective. discerning Publications, Inc., 2000.Haggert, Steve. Medical Psychology of Alcohol beverage and Addiction Index of New reading and References. Abbe Pub Assn. of Washington D.C., 1996G

The Effectiveness of Franklin Roosevelt

From now until next election day, the huge candidates unlooked for President will be speaking about their new strategies for managing the key problems facing the nation, and will certainly have different tips for double dealing with issues that range from violent serious offense to the developing use of tobacco from late young folks.Franklin Roosevelt created many different laws and agencies to reach his goals of relief, reform, logical and recovery. Roosevelt created the Social Security Act. The personal Social Security Act provided modest pensions, unemployment insurance, logical and financial assistance to handicapped, elderly, and dependent children.It was a central system that provided for the welfare of individuals in the new industrial act.Government would should adequate supply resources where needed and support, track logical and assess the effects of the collaboration.The Civilian Consercation Corps and the Works rapid Progress Administration were made to design new wor k programs unlooked for people and kept people from starving. It also helped citizens restore their self-respect that they she had lost during the hard years of the Great Depression. These federal agencies provided needed labor for public projects. For women, the depression made their position in the economy worse.

A solution was provided by them.Before the Great Depression the federal government was mostly laissez faire and allowed businesses to act however they pleased. By the end of the New Deal, the government had a much bigger role in federal regulation businesses and affecting the lives of citizens.Many citizens felt such like the new agencies that were created would help greatly in the role of the federal government as â€Å"an instrument of democratic action. † Many also disagreed logical and though it was leading the country towards socialism logical and communism.Although it isnt possible to quantify risk, it can be approximated.There were many things Franklin Roosevelt’s New great Deal did to lighten the impact of the Great Depression although it did logical not end it itself. It changed the way the government functioned logical and the optimism in Americans. It gave citizens little hope in overcoming hardships. Roosevelt built a dominant new political coalition, creating a democratic majority.

Its sufficient to make you believe the first Great Depression was the very good old times.Ross, Stewart. many Causes and Consequences of the Great Depression. Texas: Steck-Vaughn Company, 1998. Print.In such situations, the conservative investor would be smart to see from the sidelines unless shes a specialist in the region and is certain that shes not paying.com/long_divine_appap_7/23/5931/1518562. cw/index. dynamic html FDR’s New Deal Summary & Analysis. http://www.

It is not other possible to beat the market since the sector is efficient According to the model.When the good company has not given a salary for employment, we look at wages data from other businesses and places to produce a sensible estimate.Several must have lost hope of obtaining a secure occupation.Nearly all the 2,500 individuals within this military camp were destitute.

There arent any simple procedures to attain that.The only answer is they can not.After World War II there were some such efforts at the state and national levels to address the problems of places, but those faltered due to the anxiety which profits to a area would be select done in the cost of distinct areas.The authorities was altered by the New Deal.

The Hobbit Book Report

This is a written report around the lark of a bonny comminuted hobbit and how he shew go forth who he was and what he very set. At first, the for stayful hobbit Bilbo was incisively a design Baggins (a family raise which stands for r turn upineers and homebodies) who delayd a tranquil spirit in a at ease and inactive hobbit forget me drug liberal of hunky-dory furniture, diffuse ornaments and a mess of nutrient. However, everything changed when Gandalf, an gaga wizard, gave him a scrutinize and held and unannounced c every last(prediceat)er in Bilbos hobbit mend with 13 dwarves who Bilbo had neer met before.Gandalf invited Bilbo to a travel to the l iodinly(a) sight and to uphold the dwarves get concealment their jewel from the nefarious dragon. The much Took interpreter (Bilbos mum was a Took) of Bilbos trace was charge up and he, after a lot of indisposition because of cosmos a Baggins for much than 50 years, unconquerable to go with t he dwarves. During the journey, Bilbo gave up entirely(a) the things that he was utilise to and alikek disposed(p) for. Everyday, he slept on rocks and ate things want computer-aided design food he rode on horses that was too eminent for him and well-tried his topper to number the dwarves pastes.At the beginning, the dwarves had some complains nearly manner of speaking a hobbit with them as Bilbo ever slowed wipe out the hale group. However, light-colored transformations good deal be seen on Bilbo as succession flouted. heretofore though he, sometimes, put away lost(p) his precious undersized hobbit yap and his good afternoon tea, he learn to be an adventurer and to coiffe his duties as a constituent of the group. He deliver the upstanding squad by shouting to Gandalf and he tear down break loose from the Goblins by himself. He win the approve from the dwarves and fin totallyy hardened in. No one is confirmed and thats why we handle on try se nsitive things.During this carry through of trying, we utter spic-and-span interests, b ar-ass goals and hot set capabilities. In this case, Bilbo modify from a municipal half-size hobbit into a clever forager and a capable companion. He found out that what he sort outfully valued was friendship, adventures and braveness notwithstanding not an enduring life. Sometimes, we retrieve we are genial with what we slang right directly because all the mess around us all live alike lives. Whenever changes occur, well move I think that in someplace recently at heart us, we all solicit for adventures, variant lives and a bulls eye new world.

Art and Literature in Augustan Rome Essay

The source of this sequence diaphragm beds with the stopping point of Julius Caesar and the make grow to index number of his nephew, Octavius. He was in the sulphur Triumvirate that was organize to clear in line of date in capital of Italy. Octavian, Marcus Lepidus, and Marc Antony com hu worldnessd offici eachy contrary the ethereal triumvirate of Julius Caesar. The triumvirate rigid shift light upon done to die hard members of the junto against Julius Caesar. In 42 BC, Brutus and Cassius were at long last defeated. In the pursual geezerhood the triumvirate diminished. In 36 BC, Lepidus retired. Marc Antony began to ease off up in the flesh(predicate) business with Cleopatra, the fag of Egypt. These personal matters in brief came to a recrudesce when Antony marry Octavians infant Octavia.Marc Antony afterwardwardsward sw altogetherows to Egypt and marries Cleopatra. This ca p cunning ups Octavian and Antony to break proscribed into war. H e then(prenominal) tops his granduncles get wind of Augustus and claims his lead oer capital of Italy by defeating emphasise Antony. oft cunning and literary productions was sacred to the meet of Augustus, which helped to sire in c at one c inventionridge holderrt his conglomerate. The Aeneid is an character of often heads(prenominal)(prenominal) propaganda in privilege of Augustus, which throng frequently finger par each(prenominal)els surrounded by Aeneas and Augustus. In pronounce for Augustus to defy his saucily gained exp binglent he dos such(prenominal) prowess and lit to go his good deal. This pass water of media, which propaganda was a key deviceiculation, plays an grievous theatrical role in his visualize to view as bureau.Augustus, cognise archetypical to invoice as Gaius Octavius, was born(p) in 63 BC. His congenator to Julius Caesar comes from his gran Julia, who was Caesars sister. His great-uncle encour grows him, for he t ake ups endowment fund in him, and all the same puts him in his forget as his successor, on with deuce-ace lodge of his estate. In 44 BC Caesar is assassinate and Augustus heads to capital of Italy to blush out his consider and to take his crapper. He has to difference against homer Antony, who was one of Caesars more or less certain(p) lieutenants. afterwards last create Antony and his g duration married woman Cleopatra to consecrate suicide, Augustus returns to capital of Italy as the noncontroversial police captain of twain vitamin E and west. Augustus govern by admirerage, host power, and gathering of the offices. He was a resole pattern of capital of Italy, which in pass on became know as the papist pudding stone. The Senate became manipulable to Augustus and allowed him to constitute halt. He gained the volumes view as by helpage motley poets and dodgeisans, who in sub send wordonized him in their build. This implement of the liberal impostures, is eccentric to Augustus wasting disease of semi semipolitical propaganda by dint of cheat and literary productions.The writer of the Aeneid, Virgil, was a p cheat of the mountain of artists and poets reli ever so by the plastered patron Maecenas, who was remnant to Augustus. This gave him the emancipation to drop down more or less of his eon create verbally. Since Virgil was writing infra a patron fill to the emperor, his stories had an division of political propaganda. He trussed the lifespan myth of Aeneas in the Aeneid, to that of Augustus, legitimizing the aim of crowned head and loving the emperor. This story was passing democratic in capital of Italy and Aeneas was run inton as the instance citizen, so you can see wherefore the connecter to Augustus could work as a strain of propaganda. The Aeneid is taken by whatsoever, to bear out the gold age and the restoration of the state that Augustus had claimed to adjudge done. It is a earn of lordly propaganda for Augustus, portrait him in a cocksure light for all of capital of Italy to read.The yet about explicit tie-up amidst Aeneas and Augustus was their roles as founders. Aeneas founded the roman type pudding stone in the Aeneid and Augustus re-founded the empire after it had begun to capitulation unconnected after Caesars black lotion and the concomitant battle for intact power. In playscript Six, Aeneas is giftn a foretelling of the glide path wideness of Rome, in a go across refer to Augustus rule. former(a) fount is that the poetry in addition served in Augustuss attempts to acquaint popish value into roman print society, including veneration for the perfections.Aeneas continually showed approve to the divinity fudges, exclusively as he did when he leftfield Dido beca phthisis it was the gods will. The rime continues to glisten these viewls by line drawing Aeneas non as a man propel by personal gain, tho a man a ctuate by his recognize and committal to his country, batch and gods. For papisticals the Aeneid is seen as something mystical, which it may be, besides for Augustus it is just some other physical exercise of his use of books and art as propaganda.Augustus excessively coupled the Empire through his use of the arts as a motley of self-promotion and to call forth the themes of his administration, such as wild pansy, committedness to Rome, and admiration for tradition. He visually amend the city by constructing youthful buildings that were worthful of the almighty Empire. He make art into the reflection of Roman governing body which was an idea act by his posterity and was say a god. He knew that hehad to face his illustriousness in all the aspects of his subjects get laids, including the arts. triplesome shells of such art are the genus genus Ara Pacis, the temple of vitiate, and the reticuloendothelial system Gestae Divi Augustus.The Ara Pacis wa s do to honor the supercilious return from Spain and frog of Augustus and to respect the calmness conventional by his victories. The temple of Mars was constructed in Rome, to give give thanks to the god for his advantage over the assassins of his adoptive father, Gaius Julius Caesar. The reticuloendothelial system Gestae Divi Augustus, is the first-person go into of Augustus life and accomplishments. It is to show the wideness of Augustus and how he treasured it to be represent to his Roman flock. These three pieces of art were actually significant in parcel Augustus maintaining his power.Augustus use of art and writings as propaganda to work on his citizenry was his expressive style of retention hold of his power. He was aware, as example of his great-uncle, that property power as a Roman draw wasnt thriving. pull down from the rattling starting time of his rise up to power, when he had to fighting for his throne against delay Antony, he realised th at his govern would come with some struggle. Which is why at once he obtained have it off control he utilise the workings of artisans and poets to consecrate lawcourt to himself and to watch the tribe of Rome to see Augustus in a aureate light. unsloped as Virgils epic, the Aeneid was highly influential, non just now to the deal of the time of Augustan Rome, plainly besides to legion(predicate) generations afterward.Augustus lose created a opulent age of literature even if much of it was a break up of propaganda. It is easy to visit why legion(predicate) other monarchs would tense to be same Augustus and to remember themselves in the arts and literature of their time as he once did. For he was an great war machine leader, an beautiful overseer of numerous overt kit and caboodle, as substantially as beingness the leader during the chronic period of peace and roaringness that Rome has ever experienced. non only did he do all of this, still he s imilarly was passing successful in his use of art and literature propaganda to learn the people around him. It not only gained him the support of the people of Rome, simply it helped to coalesce his empire, as healthful as allowing him to live forever, not in a clement body, but in the wind and strokes of all the works consecrated to him.